δείκνυμι, βαίνω, γιγνώσκω, redundant μή Intensive Classical Greek Prof. Kristina Chew 12 July 2015

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1 δείκνυμι, βαίνω, γιγνώσκω, redundant μή Intensive Classical Greek Prof. Kristina Chew 12 July 2015

2 δείκνυμι, δείξω, ἔδειξα, δέδειχα, δέδειγμαι, ἐδείχθην. show active present ind δείκνυμι δείκνυς δείκνυσι(ν) δείκνυμεν δείκνυτε middle/passive imperfect ind ἐδείκνυν ἐδείκνυς ἐδείκνυ ἐδείκνυμεν ἐδείκνυτε δεικνύασι(ν ) ἐδείκνυσαν δείκνυμαι δείκνυσαι δείκνυται ἐδεικνύμην ἐδείκνυσο ἐδείκνυτο δεικνύμεθα ἐδεικνύμεθα δείκνυσθε ἐδείκνυσθε δείκνυνται ἐδείκνυντο active present δείκνυ δεικνύτω δείκνυτε δεικνύντων δεικνύναι δεικνύς, δεικνῦσα, δεικνύν middle/passive δείκνυσο δεικνύσθω δείκνυσθε δεικνύσθων δείκνυσθαι aorist δεῖξον δειξάτω δείξατε δειξάντω δεῖξαι δείξας δείξασα δεῖξαν middle δεῖξαι δειξάσθω δείξασθε δειξάσθων δείξασθαι δεικνύμενος, η, ον δειξάμενος, η, ον

3 βαίνω, βήσομαι, ἔβην, βέβηκα. walk γιγνώσκω, γνώσομαι, ἔγνων, ἔγνωκα, ἔγνωσμαι, ἐγνώσθην. know active 2nd aorist active (athematic, intransitive); no aorist middle indicative subjunctive optative ἔβην ἔβης ἔβη ἔβημεν ἔβητε ἔβησαν βῶ βῇς βῇ βῶμεν βῆτε βῶσι βαίην βαίης βαίη βαῖμεν βαῖτε βαῖεν βῆθι, βήτω βῆτε, βάντων βῆναι βάς, βᾶσα, βάν ἔγνων ἔγνως ἔγνω ἔγνωμεν ἔγνωτε ἔγνωσαν γνῶ γνῷς γνῷ γνῶμεν γνῶτε γνῶσι γνοίην γνοίης γνοίη γνοῖμεν γνοῖτε γνοῖεν γνῶθι, γνώτω γνῶτε, γνόντων γνῶναι γνούς, γνοῦσα, γνόν

4 Wishes & the Optative Wishes often uses εἴθε, εἰ γάρ ( would that, if only ) present, aorist οptative uses μή expresses a wish referring to the future Unattainable Wishes (1) εἶθε, εἰ γάρ + imperfect/aorist indicative > protasis of unreal condition (2) form of ὤφελον (2 aor of ὄφείλω) + present/aorist ~ εἶθε/εἰ γάρ may be placed before ὤφελον εἰ γὰρ καλῶς πράξειαν ἃ ἐθέλουσιν. εἰ γὰρ γένοιτο would that it might happen Xenophon, Cyropaedia εἴθε φίλος ἡμῖν γένοιο if only you would become our friend Xenophon, Hellenica εἴθ εἶχες βελτἱους φρένας. Would that you had (now) a better heart. E. El εἴθε σοι τότε συνεγενόμην Would that I had then been with you. X. M ὤφελε Κῦρος ζῆν. Would that Cyrus were (now) alive (Cyrus ought to be alive). X. A ὤφελον λιπεῖν τὴν Σκῦρον. Would that I had never left Scyros. S. Ph. 969 εἰ γὰρ ὤφελον οἷοί τε εἶναι οἱ πολλοὶ κακὰ ἐργάζεσθαι. Would that the multitude were able to do evil. Pl. Cr. 44 d.

5 Redundant/sympathetic μή, μὴ οὐ verbs of hindering (deny, refuse, forbid, avoid) may take an objective and may combine μή with the. μή reinforces ( sympathizes ) the negative sense of the verb of hindering and has no effect on the English translation. If the verbs of hindering has a negative with it, redundant μὴ ού can be added, with no effect on the English translation. First he denied you had in him no right (Shakesp., Com. of Er ); La pluie... empêche qu'on ne se promène (Racine). καταρνῇ μὴ δεδρακέναι τάδε; Do you deny that you have done this? S. Ant. 442 ἀποκωλῦσαι τοὺς Ἕλληνας μὴ ἐλθεῖν. to hinder the Greeks from coming. X. A κήρῦκα προέπεμψεν αὐτοῖς... ἀπεροῦντα μὴ πλεῖν. They sent a herald to forbid them to sail. Thucydides 1.29 εὐλαβήσεσθε μὴ πολλῶν ἐναντίον λέγειν. You will beware of speaking in public. P. Euthyro. 304a οὐκ ἀρνοῦμαι μὴ οὐ ταῦτα δρᾶσαι. I do not deny that I did this. [ οὐ is repeated with the to sum up the effect of οὐκ ἀρνοῦμαι ]

6 Cautious assertions, cautious denials μὴ and μὴ οὐ + indicative/subjunctive cautious assertion + μή = speaker thinks smthg is true (indicative) or may prove to be true (subjunctive). cautious denial + μή = speakers thinks smthg is not true (indicative) or may prove not to be true (subjunctive). οὐ μή + subjunctive/future indicative can indicate emphatic denial ἢν νικήσωμεν, οὐ μή ποτε ὑμῖν Πελοποννήσιοι ἐσβάλωσιν ἐς τὴν χώραν. If we are victorious, the Peloponnesians will never invade your territory. T οὐδεὶς μηκέτι μείνῃ τῶν πολεμίων. Not one of the enemy will stand his ground any longer. X. A οὔτι μὴ φύγητε. You shall not escape (a threat). E. Hec With the future indicative (first and third person). οὔ σοι μὴ μεθέψομαί ποτε. Never will I follow you. S. El. 1052, ἀλλὰ μὴ τοῦτο οὐ καλῶς ὡμολογήσαμεν. But perhaps we did not do well in agreeing to this. P. Men. 89c. ἀλλ ἄρα... μὴ ὁ Κτήσιππος ἦν ὁ ταῦτ εἰπών. But I suspect (i.e. perhaps) after all it was Ctesippus who said this. P. Eu. 290e With μή (of what may be true): μὴ ἀγροικότερον ᾖ τὸ ἀληθὲς εἰπεῖν. I suspect it's rather bad form (lit. too rude) to tell the truth, P. G. 462e. With μὴ οὐ (of what may not be true): ἀλλὰ μὴ οὐχ οὕτως ἔχῃ. But I rather think this may not be so. P. Crat. 436b; μὴ οὐκ ᾖ διδακτὸν ἀρετή. Virtue is perhaps not a thing to be taught. P. Men. 94e.

7 Prolepsis (πρόληψις, anticipation ) Nominative subject of a dependent clause (e.g., indirect question) often placed ahead of its claused and becomes the accusative (sometimes genitive, dative) direct object of the main verb. δήλου τοὺς παῖδας ὅπου ἔκειντο. (δήλου ὅπου οἱ παῖδες ἔκειντο.) δέδοικα δ αὐτὴν μή τι βουλεύσῃ νέον. But I fear lest she may devise something new E. Medea. 37 ὁρᾷς τὸν εὐτράπεζον ὡς ἡδὺς βίος. you see how sweet is the luxurious life. E. fr ἐπιχειρήσωμεν εἰπεῖν ἀνδρεία τί ποτ ἐστίν. Let us try to say what courage is. P. Lach. 190d