GREEK GRAMMAR I Future Active and Middle-Deponent Indicative Tense Dr. Marshall
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1 GREEK GRAMMAR I Future Active and Middle-Deponent Indicative Tense Dr. Marshall I. Future Active Indicative A. Basics: Stem: The Greek future tense uses the Future Active Stem (sometimes the same as the Present Stem, sometimes not to be discussed in later chapters). Tense formative: σ is added immediately to the Future Active Stem. Connecting/Thematic Vowel: ο/ε Personal Endings: Primary Active Personal Endings λυ-σ-ο-μεν Fut. Act. Tense Conn. Prim. Act. Stem Form. Vowel Pers. Endings Tense Formative Connecting (Thematic) Vowel Real Endings Modified Endings (Mounce) Resultant Endings (tense form. + conn. vowel + pers. endings) 1s σ ο μι - σω 2s σ ε σι ς σεις 3s σ ε τι ι σει 1p σ ο μεν μεν σομεν 2p σ ε τε τε σετε 3p σ ο ντι νσι σουσι(ν) 2009 Dr. Phillip Marshall 1
2 So, here are the forms in a paradigm ( I will loose, you will loose, he/she/it will loose, etc. ): 1s: λύσω 2s: λύσεις 3s: λύσει 1p: λύσομεν 2p: λύσετε 3p: λύσουσι(ν) NB. For translations, used the undefined aspect ( I will loose ) rather than continuous aspect ( I will be loosing ). B. Variations on a Theme! 1. Stems that end with Stops (from the Square of Stops): If you re adding σ to a stem ending with a stop-consonant, you re going to get the resultant consonant that you re accustomed to seeing in the 3 rd declension nouns for nom. sing. and dat. pl. *βλεπ + σ + ω βλέψω (πς ψ) I will see *γραφ + σ + ω γράψω (φς ψ) I will write *αγ + σ + ω ἄξω (γς ξ) I will lead *διωκ + σ + ω διώξω (κς ξ) I will pursue/persecute *βαπτιδ + σ + ω βαπτίσω (δς σ) I will baptize *πειθ + σ + ω πείσω (θς σ) I will persuade 2. Stems ending with Contract Vowels (-αω, -εω, -οω verbs): Before you add the tense formative (σ), you must lengthen the short contract vowel as follows: α/ε η ο ω So, note the following contract verb forms: *αγαπα + σ + ω ἀγαπήσω (α/ε η) I will love *ποιε + σ + ω ποιήσω (α/ε η) I will do/make *πληρο + σ + ω πληρώσω (ο ω) I will fill 2009 Dr. Phillip Marshall 2
3 II. Future Middle-Deponent Indicative A. Basics: Stem: The Greek future tense uses the Future Active Stem (sometimes the same as the Present Stem, sometimes not to be discussed in later chapters). Tense formative: σ is added immediately to the Future Active Stem. Connecting/Thematic Vowel: ο/ε Personal Endings: Primary Middle/Passive Personal Endings λυ-σ-ο-μεθα Fut. Act. Tense Conn. Prim. Middle/Passive Stem Form. Vowel Pers. Endings Tense Formative Connecting (Thematic) Vowel Real Endings (primary middle/passive) Resultant Endings (tense form. + conn. vowel + pers. endings) 1s σ ο μαι σομαι 2s σ ε σαι ση 3s σ ε ται σεται 1p σ ο μεθα σομεθα 2p σ ε σθε σεσθτε 3p σ ο νται σονται 2009 Dr. Phillip Marshall 3
4 So, here are the forms in a future middle/deponent paradigm: 1s: λύσομαι πορεύσομαι 2s: λύση πορεύση 3s: λύσεται πορεύσεται 1p: λυσόμεθα πορευσόμεθα 2p: λύσεσθε πορεύσεσθε 3p: λύσονται πορεύσονται III. Future of to be εἰμί 1s: ἔσομαι I will be πορεύσομαι 2s: ἔση you will be πορεύση 3s: ἔσται he/she/it will be πορεύσεται 1p: ἐσόμεθα we will be πορευσόμεθα 2p: ἔσεσθε you will be πορεύσεσθε 3p: ἔσονται they will be πορεύσονται NB. Although the present tense form of εἰμί is active (not deponent), the future tense form of εἰμί is deponent!! This simply highlights that verbs can be deponent in one tense but not in another. IV. Principal Parts of Verbs Note: In some Greek tools (grammars, glossaries), authors will provide the principals parts of the verb. The six forms given are the 1s indicative forms in the following tenses (in this order): Present Active Future Active Aorist Active Perfect Active Perfect Passive Aorist Passive 2009 Dr. Phillip Marshall 4
5 For ex., here are the principal parts for two verbs, γινώσκω (to know) and ἀκούω (to hear, listen): γινώσκω, γνώσομαι, ἔγνων, ἔγνωκα, ἔγνωσμαι, ἐγνώσθην ἀκούω, ἀκούσω, ἤκουσα, ἀκήκοα, --, ἠκούσθην Present Active Future Active Aorist Active Perfect Active Perfect Passive Aorist Passive Some questions: 1. What is the present stem of ἀκούω? 2. What is the future act. stem of ἀκούω? 3. What is the present stem of γινώσκω? 4. What is the future act. stem of γινώσκω? 5. Are either of these verbs deponent in the Present Active? 6. Are either of these verbs deponent in the Future Active? 7. How would you parse γνώσομαι? 2009 Dr. Phillip Marshall 5
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